London Daily

Focus on the big picture.
Saturday, Dec 09, 2023

How national border walls are splitting ecosystems apart

How national border walls are splitting ecosystems apart

Amid a rising tide of nationalism, walls and fortified fences are proliferating around the world. These barriers pose a growing threat to wildlife – blocking migrations and threatening millions of species that will need to move to keep up with a changing climate.

Pity the tiny band of lynx in the Polish half of Europe's most ancient forest. In June, their home, the Białowieża Forest, was cut in half when the Polish government completed construction of a wall on its border with Belarus. The aim was to repel refugees from the Middle East and elsewhere being channelled to the border by the Belarus government. But the 115-mile wall (185km) – which towers 18ft (5.5m) above the forest floor, stretching almost into the canopy above – has imprisoned migrating wildlife too.

The dozen or so lynx holed up on the Polish side of the barrier will no longer be able to hunt, feed, or breed with their more numerous fellows across the border. The wall dividing the 1,200 square-mile (3,100-sq-km) forest is expected to increase hunger among the lynx, and by limiting options for mates, decrease their already low genetic diversity.

In a letter sent in January, as work on the wall started, more than 500 wildlife scientists pleaded with the European Commission in Brussels to use its powers to halt the Polish government's project. If construction went ahead, they said, the forest's ecology faced "devastating consequences", including "the collapse of the Polish lowland lynx population".

But the wall was completed regardless. Rafał Kowalczyk of the Polish Academy of Sciences' Mammal Research Institute, a signatory of the letter, says there is now "a high risk of extirpation" of the Polish lynx, meaning local extinction.

Seventy-four border walls currently exist across the globe, six times the number at the end of the Cold War

The Białowieża barricade is one of a rapidly growing number of walls and fortified fences, often topped with razor wire and scoured by searchlights, that are sprouting along national borders around the world. Their construction is fuelled by growing fears about cross-border migrants, terrorists, drug-smugglers and, in the case of the wall built by Ukraine between 2015 and 2022, a failed attempt to dissuade Russian armed forces from infiltrating into the east of the country.

From the swamps of Africa to the mountains of South East Asia, and from the US-Mexico border to the steppes of Central Asia, many of these barriers are appearing in remote regions that have until now been the preserves of nature. They are blocking seasonal migrations of large animals, reducing genetic and species diversity, and threatening the futures of millions of species that will need to move their domains to keep up with a changing climate.

As species and ecosystems try to move to accommodate warmer conditions and shifting weather patterns due to climate change, the threat to wildlife from border barriers can only grow. This is especially true, says Mark Titley of Durham University in the UK, when the barriers stretch long distances from east to west, preventing poleward shifts, or follow contours on mountainsides, preventing similar movements uphill to cooler climes.

A study last year by Titley and colleagues concluded that by 2070, climate change will mean that some 35% of mammals globally will have more than half of their climate niches in countries in which they are not currently found. So without the ability to cross borders, they face annihilation. Titley highlighted three key borders with the highest number of species at risk: those between China and Russia, the United States and Mexico, and India and Myanmar. All three are currently barricaded.


Only a few lynx live on the Polish side of the border, and they are now separated from the larger population on the Belarusian side of the fence

It wasn't meant to be like this. "When the Iron Curtain fell in the early 1990s, it seemed that a borderless world had arrived," says John Linnell of the Norwegian Institute for Nature Research, lead author of a global study into the impact of the new barriers on wildlife. "Transboundary cooperation in wildlife conservation spread."

But since then, and particularly in recent years, a rising tide of sometimes xenophobic nationalism has seen many nations erect walls along their borders, and reinforce and militarise previously flimsy border fences – often in apparent violation of international environmental laws, such as the Convention on Migratory Species, which requires migration routes to be protected.

Elisabeth Vallet at the University of Quebec in Canada calculates that 74 borders walls now exist across the globe, six times the number at the end of the Cold War. They extend for more than 20,000 miles (32,000km).

Gates were installed along one border wall, but 'animals will not stand in a queue waiting for the gates to be opened'


Some barriers kill directly, with electric currents, razor wire, or by entangling animals that try to cross. Others block migration routes, preventing access to vital resources such as watering holes and seasonal pastures, or deter animals with their roads, patrols, or harsh lighting. "The epidemic of fence construction continues," says Linnell. "And the modern generation of fences are more solid than the older ones."

India has fenced about three-quarters of its 2,500-mile (4,000km) border with Bangladesh, halting cross-border movements of wild Asian elephants, whose natural range extends from north-east India to Bangladesh, Bhutan, Myanmar and Nepal. Israel's 26ft (8m) high "separation wall", which extends for 440 miles (700km) around the Palestinian West Bank, also prevents seasonal movements by gazelles, foxes, wolves and other animals between the hills of the West Bank and the surrounding lowlands.

"Increased fragmentation [of their habitat] deprives gazelles of the opportunity of freely tracking food sources as these become available seasonally," according to a study headed by Yoram Yom-Tov of Tel Aviv University. As a result, the number of mountain gazelles has fallen dramatically, with only 2,000 left in the wild.

In Europe, the Polish wall through the Białowieża primeval forest has received the most attention from environmentalists. The scientists' letter warned that the forest is "the last remaining temperate lowland forest in Europe existing with little human disturbance since the end of the last ice age". The wall crosses an ecological corridor that is "of pan-European importance", they said, and until now formed part of "the main dispersal route of large mammals".

The majority of the India-Bangladesh border is fenced, blocking the path of wild Asian elephants and other wildlife


Researchers at the Mammal Research Institute, which is based in the village of Białowieża in the heart of the forest, say threatened animals include a unique population of 800 European bison, the continent's largest land mammal, as well as brown bears trying to move west from Belarus into Poland. The previously open border in the forest is thought to have been the route taken by a lone brown bear seen in the Polish part of the forest in the last three years – the first such appearance in 80 years. But the wall now means that "the possibility of recolonisation in the Polish part of the forest is broken," says Kowalczyk.

When the project began, the Polish government answered its critics by promising to install 24 wildlife gates. But Kowalczyk says that today "the gates are closed and will remain closed. [The gates were] just a soothing agent, to give an impression the government would maintain connectivity". In any case, says his institute colleague Krzysztof Schmidt, "animals will not stand in a queue at the wall waiting for the gates to be opened".

The Polish wall is one of a series being constructed across Europe since a surge of migrants from the Middle East and Africa crossing Europe began in 2015. Greece and Bulgaria have both barricaded their respective borders with Turkey. Hungary erected more than 200 miles (320km) of fences along its borders with Serbia and Croatia. Slovenia barricaded off Croatia; Austria did the same to Slovenia; and North Macedonia put up 23 miles (37km) of metal barriers between it and Greece.

In October, Finland's main political parties agreed to plans for a fence along the country's 830-mile (1,300km) border with Russia


The pace has increased further following Russia's invasion of Ukraine. In August this year, Lithuania completed a fence along some 300 miles (480km) of its border with Russian ally Belarus, complementing a similar fence on its Russian border. In October, Finland's main political parties agreed to plans for a fence along the country's 830-mile (1,300km) border with Russia to halt a feared stream of exiles fleeing the Russian draft. "The upshot of it all is that Europe is now increasingly cutting itself off ecologically from the east," says Linnell.

Lithuania has a border fence with the Russian exclave Kaliningrad, and another with Russian ally Belarus


At the same time, the US has been seeking to exclude Latin American migrants by plugging the 2,000-mile (3,200km) US-Mexico border with fences and walls. But in so doing, it is also sealing off wildlife. The border is reckoned to bisect the range of 120 species of non-flying mammals, many of which have long travelled between Mexico's Sierra Madre Occidental and the Rocky Mountains, says Ron Pulliam of the University of Georgia and the Borderland Restoration Network, a non-profit based in Arizona that aims to protect both humans and wildlife in the area.

The barriers risk derailing the return of the jaguar to the US south-west, Pulliam says. The big cat had been extinct north of the border until a few jaguars recently recolonised from Mexico. But he warns that the US presence of the animal "will once again become a ghost if the barriers currently in place are allowed to remain". Meanwhile, the ocelot is down to fewer than a hundred individuals in the US. Many live in Texas and depend on shrublands in the Lower Rio Grande Valley that extend across the border.

"A continuous border wall could disconnect more than 34% of US non-flying native terrestrial and freshwater animal species from the 50% or more of their range that lies south of the border," according to an international study headed by Robert Peters and Jennifer Miller of the non-profit Defenders of Wildlife, and colleagues.

The return of the jaguar to the south-west of the United States is thought to be jeopardised by the border wall


The great steppes of Central Asia have long been the scene of some of the greatest migrations of herbivores on the planet. But with growing security threats from Afghanistan and rampant smuggling elsewhere, governments have put up thousands of miles of fences here too. They have blocked the ranges and migrations of saiga antelopes, wild camels, gazelles, wild asses, bears, snow leopards, tigers, cheetahs, deer and Przewalski's horses.

Some attempts have been made to make the fences wildlife-friendly. But success is patchy at best. The 150-mile (240km) fence separating Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan between the Aral and Caspian seas was erected in 2011 to foil smugglers. But it also prevented upward of a million saiga antelopes, the remains of a once much larger population, from migrating between summer pastures in Kazakhstan and wintering grounds to the south in Uzbekistan. The animals faced starvation before an intervention by conservationists persuaded Kazakh officials to remove the lower strands of the barbed wire at 125 points along the fence to allow them to pass.

Botswana erected a 300-mile (483km) electric fence on its border with Zimbabwe, with major impacts on elephants, giraffes, and zebras


The action, completed in 2016, was hailed as a conservation triumph. But to date, while saiga numbers have recovered in Kazakhstan following the abating of an epidemic of bacterial disease and better patrols against poaching, the animals have rarely found or used the gaps, according to Eleanor Milner-Gulland, of Oxford University and the Saiga Conservation Alliance.

Sometimes, border fences are intended to stop animals rather than people. China constructed a 2,900-mile (4,670km) fence along its border with Mongolia, through the Gobi Desert, partly to keep Mongolian wolves from preying on Chinese livestock. But it also blocked the seasonal migrations of wild asses. Botswana erected a 300-mile (480km) electric fence on its border with Zimbabwe to keep out cattle infected with foot and mouth disease. But the fence has had major impacts on the cross-border movements of some of the region's most iconic wild species, including giraffes, elephants and zebras.

Yet border barriers need not be permanent. In 2015, Slovenia placed a razor-wire fence for 120 miles (190km) through the Dinaric Mountains on its border with Croatia, to block off a route used by refugees. But the fence also divided mountain populations of Eurasian wolves, brown bears and lynx. Prior to the fence, half the region's wolf packs had home ranges that straddled the border. The fence "may just be the last push for the [wolf] population to spiral down the extinction vortex", Linnell warned as the fence was being erected.

But Slovenia this summer announced that the fence had failed to curb refugees and sent in troops to pull it down. In this case at least, wildlife won a reprieve.

Newsletter

Related Articles

London Daily
Close
0:00
0:00
EU Fiscal Agreement Sparks Disagreement Between France and Germany Over Investment Expenditure
You Are So Beautiful
UK Parliamentary Committee Criticizes Lackluster Post-Brexit Financial Reforms
Postmodern Jukebox European Tour Version
US, UK, Canada Impose Sanctions on Dozens on Human Rights Anniversary The US, UK, and Canada have collectively imposed sanctions on dozens of individuals and entities for human rights abuses to commemorate the 75th anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights
An old French tune (by Georges Brassens) Pomplamoose ft. John Schroeder
"New Beginnings: Greece and Turkey Agree to Repair Relations
Sattahip Motor Show 20
Finland's Supreme Court Prevents Extradition of Russian Terrorism Suspect to Ukraine
SONATE AU CLAIR DE LUNE - Moonlight sonata
UK Proposes Streamlined Financial Advice to Reduce Costs for Consumers
A kiss to build a dream on
UK's Labour Party Conducts Review of Financial Services to Boost City's Growth Potential
Wonderful Tonight - Eric Clapton (Boyce Avenue acoustic cover)
London City Hall Condemns Blast Targeting Clean Air Zone Camera
Mean Blues
Venezuela Steps Up Claim on Guyana's Essequibo Region
La Chansonnette
Spain's First AI Model Earns Up to $10,000 Monthly
Pattaya Addicts
Spotify Plans Workforce Reduction of Nearly 20% Despite Reporting £55 Million Profit
Franz Liszt - Liebestraum - Love Dream
Former President Restricted from Leaving Ukraine Amid Alleged Plan to Meet Hungary's Viktor Orban
Dream a little dream of me
Ikea Commits £10 Million for 2024 Pay Raises for UK Employees
Unchained Melody sung like you've NEVER heard!
Ant and Dec, our favorite jungle jesters, have thrown a curveball. They're suggesting a 'politician-free' season of 'I'm A Celebrity. Get Me Out Of Here!'
Dave Brubeck - Take Five
Trump’s lawyers say he did not take an oath ‘to support the Constitution’
Édith Piaf - Non, Je Ne Regrette Rien (Sofie)
Henry Kissinger, the influential American diplomat, Nobel Peace Prize laureate, and former Secretary of State, passed away at 100 at his Connecticut home.
Rondo Alla Turca
Thai Deputy Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Dr. Parnpreeb Commends ICRC's Role in Hostage Release
Kiss of fire
Sam Bankman-Fried, founder of the crypto exchange FTX who was convicted of fraud earlier this month, is adjusting to his new life in the detention center where he awaits sentencing.
Tom Jones - I´ll Never Fall In Love Again 1967, 1989, 2001
Sam Bankman-Fried, founder of the crypto exchange FTX who was convicted of fraud earlier this month, is adjusting to his new life in the detention center where he awaits sentencing.
Israel Cachao López - Guajira Clásica
The political network founded by the billionaire industrialist brothers Charles and David Koch has endorsed Nikki Haley in the Republican presidential nominating contest
Edward Maya - Stereo Love (feat. Vika Jigulina) (Extended Mix)
Charlie Munger, Warren Buffett's longtime investing partner, dies at 99
Strauss - Radetzky March - Karajan
Robert De Niro told an awards ceremony a speech he was reading had been edited without his knowledge, removing critical comments about Donald Trump
La vie en rose
Standard Chartered is in the early stages of a search for its next chair as the bank prepares for the departure of Jose Vinals, who’s entering his eighth year in the role
The Temptations - My Girl (Smokey Robinson Tribute) 2006 Kennedy Cent
Eurostar to Suspend Amsterdam to London Service for 6 Months
Orlando Cachaito Lopez Redencion
California is not considered a racist place. Or so it seems.
Edith Piaf - NON, JE NE REGRETTE RIEN
Sam Altman's return to OpenAI marks a significant turn of events for Microsoft and its relationship with the AI giant.
RADETZKY MARCH-2008-Wien, New Year Concert
Radical immigrants set on fire police cars and loot shops in Dublin.
Only you (And you alone)
The BBC Caught Again with Questionable Journalistic Standards, as Ugly Facts Undermine Its Attractive Yet Flawed Arguments
Strangers In The Night
This video reveals that Target's Black Friday promotions are entirely fake, with no actual discounts. The prices before and after are identical!
Charles Aznavour - La Boheme
Israel's Spokesperson Mark Regev's Response to Comparisons Between Palestinian Teenage Terrorists and Young Innocent Victims of Hamas Captivity
Summer time
Here is a video showing the moment of the release of the captives by the terrorist organization Hamas and their transfer to the Red Cross on their way back to the State of Israel.
Sting and Stevie Wonder - Fragile (from Sting's 60th birthday concert)
Here is a video showing the moment of the release of the captives by the terrorist organization Hamas and their transfer to the Red Cross on their way back to the State of Israel.
Aux Champs Elysees
Bill Gates Envisions a Possible 3-Day Work Week with AI
Stand By Me - Ben E. King (Boyce Avenue acoustic cover)
Viktor Orban's Provocative Assertions and Their Significance in Europe
La Mer (Beyond the Sea) – Avalon Jazz Band
Orban's Blunt Challenge to Brussels: Embracing National Sovereignty in Migration Policy
She
OpenAI Staff Rebellion: 500 Employees Demand Board Resignation in Dramatic Standoff
Nathalie Song by Enzo Petrachi Stjepan Hauser Cello
OpenAI Staff Rebellion: 500 Employees Demand Board Resignation in Dramatic Standoff
Shape of My Heart - Sting (Boyce Avenue acoustic cover)
Over 200 Convicted in Italy's 'Ndrangheta Mafia Trial
Radiohead - Creep
In a scandalous revelation at the COVID-19 inquiry, UK Prime Minister Rishi Sunak is under fire for an alleged remark that suggests a chilling indifference to human life during the pandemic
Quizás,Quizás,Quizás - Andrea Bocelli - Jennifer Lopez
Abu Dhabi-Backed Fund Poised to Assume Control of UK's Telegraph Media Group
Perhaps, Perhaps, Perhaps - Multi-Couples
Sam Altman and Greg Brockman Join Microsoft Amidst OpenAI Developments
Pentatonix Havana
Reporters Without Borders Unveils News Platform to Counter Russian Propaganda
Paula Cole - Autumn Leaves
Singer Shakira will pay a fine of eight million euros after being accused of evading taxes worth 14.5 million euros during the years 2012-2014.
Oscar Benton Bensonhurst Blues
Hungary's Orbán Asserts Ukraine Is Far from EU Membership
OH NANANA vs ABUSADAMENTE
Racial Bias in AI Leads to Wrongful Arrest Due to False Recognition
Nina Simone - ”I Put A Spell On You”. Vezi aici cum cântă Jeremy Ragsd
Orban Stresses Hungary's Need to Reform the EU Rather Than Exiting It
NIGHTWISH - The Phantom Of The Opera
Biden Advocates for Palestinian Authority to Govern Gaza and West Bank
Motorshow 2016 Tanjay Negros Oriental
Brigitte Macron Opens Up About Her Marriage to Younger President Emmanuel Macron
Monica Bellucci - Ti Amo
Apple and Disney Halt Ads on X Following Elon Musk's Antisemitic Post, US Reacts
Michael Jackson - Billie Jean Milena The Voice France 2018
Finland Shuts Four Crossing Points on Russia Border
Michael Buble (Help Me Make It Through The Night) feat Loren Allred
Memories Canon In D - Maroon 5 (Boyce Avenue piano acoustic cover)
Matteo Simoni - Marina
Maroon 5 - One More Night
Maroon 5 - Memories
Mark Knopfler - Brothers In Arms (Berlin 2007 Live)
Mark Knopfler & Emmylou Harris - Romeo And Juliet (Real Live Roadrunni
Marina, Marina - The LUCKY DUCKIES intimist live concert at Guimarães
Major Lazer & DJ Snake – Lean On Mauranne The Voice France 2016
Love Theme from Romeo and Juliet - Joslin - Henri Mancini, Nino Rota
LoLa & Hauser - Love Story
Linkin Park Jay-Z - Numb Encore (Live 8 2005)
Hallelujah Mennel Ibtissem, The Voice France Leonard Cohen
Leonard Cohen - Dance Me to the End of Love
Leonard Cohen & Natasha Rostova - Dance me to the end of love
La casa de papel - Bella Ciao
La Camisa Negra
L'italiano (Toto Cutugno) - The Gypsy Queens
Juanes - La Camisa Negra
Jonathan and Charlotte - Britain's Got Talent 2012 Live Semi Final - U
John Powell - Assassin's Tango
Joe Cocker - You Can Leave Your Hat On (LIVE in Dortmund)
Joe Cocker - Unchain My Heart 2002 Live
Joe Cocker - A Whiter Shade Of Pale
Jay Z & Alicia Keys - Empire State of Mind LIVE
Jason Mraz - Im Yours (live)
Jarrod Radnich - Bohemian Rhapsody - Virtuosic Piano Solo
James Blunt - You're Beautiful
James Blunt - You're Beautiful & Bonfire Heart (Live at The Nobel Peac)
If You Go Away - Helen Merrill & Stan Getz (Tribute to Virna Lisi)
I'LL BE MISSING YOU
I Say a Little Prayer
Hotel California ( Eagles ) 1994 Live
Historia de un amor - Luz Casal. Vezi interpretarea Biancăi Sumanariu
Here Comes The Sun - The Beatles (Boyce Avenue acoustic cover) on Spot
Heart - Stairway to Heaven Led Zeppelin - Kennedy Center Honors
HAVANA by Camila Cabello Zumba Pre Cooldown TML Crew Kramer Pastra
HAUSER and Señorita - I Will Always Love You
HAUSER - Waka Waka
HAUSER - Sway
HAUSER - Lambada
HAUSER - Historia de un Amor
HAUSER - Despacito
Great Pretender
Georgia May Foote & Giovanni Pernice Samba to 'Volare' - Strictly Come
Gary Moore - Still Got The Blues
GIPSY KINGS VOLARE Penelope Cruz
Fugees - Killing Me Softly With His Song
French Latino - Historia de un Amor
For A Few Dollars More The Danish National Symphony Orchestra (Live)
Flashdance • What a Feeling • Irene Cara
Filip Rudan - “Someone You Loved” Audicija 4 The Voice Hrvatska Sez
Eric Clapton - Wonderful Tonight
Enya - Only Time
Enrique Iglesias - Bailando (English Version) ft. Sean Paul
Enrique Iglesias - Bailamos
Elena Yerevan Historia de un amor
Ed Sheeran - Shape of You (Official Music Video)
Ed Sheeran - Perfect Symphony [with Andrea Bocelli]
Ed Sheeran - Perfect (Official Music Video)
Easy On Me - Adele (Boyce Avenue 90’s style piano acoustic cover) on S
ERA - Ameno
ELENA YEREVAN- Cancion Del Mariachi-IN STUDIO-2017 DPR
Dust In The Wind - Kansas (Boyce Avenue acoustic cover)
Don't Let Me Be Misunderstood
Despacito x Shape Of You - Pentatonix
Deep Purple - Child In Time - Live (1970)
David Foster When A Man Loves A WomanIt's A Mans World (SealMichael Bo
Dance me to the end of Love ( Pi-Air Design )
Coolio - Gangsta's Paradise (feat. L.V.) [Official Music Video]
Conquest Of Paradise (Vangelis), played on Böhm Emporio organ
Cielito Lindo
Chico & The Gypsies - Bamboleo
Canción Del Mariachi - Antonio Banderas, Los Lobos • Desperado
Camila Cabello - Havana (Audio) ft. Young Thug
Camila Cabello - Havana ( cover by J.Fla )
California Dreamin' - The Mamas & The Papas José Feliciano (Boyce Ave
Buster Benton - Money Is The Name of The Game
Hallelujah Pentatonix
Bobby McFerrin - Don't Worry Be Happy (Official Music Video)
Bob Dylan - Knockin' On Heaven's Door Emilia The Voice Kids France
Besame Mucho - Cesaria Evora
Ben E. King - Stand by Me Sax Cover Alexandra Ilieva Thomann
Bella Ciao
Bella Ciao - INSTRUMENTAL
Beautiful in White x Canon in D (Piano Cover by Riyandi Kusuma)
Bad Romance - Vintage 1920's Gatsby Style Lady Gaga Cover ft. Ariana Savalas & Sarah Reich(1)
BELLA CIAO 2020 - KARAOKE ITALIANO
BAMBOLEO - Gipsy Kings • Antonio Banderas, Katya Virshilas
BAILANDO (original)
Awesome Ukrainian yodeler - SOFIA SHKIDCHENKO (with English subtitles)
Avicii - The Nights
Atom - The Great Gig in the Sky
Aretha Franklin - (You Make Me Feel Like) A Natural Woman (Official Ly
Antonio Banderas - Cancion del Mariachi (Desperado)
André Rieu - Zorba's Dance (Sirtaki)
André Rieu - Can't Help Falling In Love
André Rieu & Mirusia - Ave Maria
Andrew Reyes Elton John - Don't Let The Sun Go Down The Voice 2020 (
Andreas Kümmert Whiter Shade Of Pale The Voice of Germany 2013 Showd
And I Love You So
All About That Bass - Postmodern Jukebox European Tour Version
Alan Walker - Faded (Piano Cover)
Ain't No Sunshine -- Bill Withers (cover by Canen 12 y.o.)
African music
Adriana Vidović - “Creep” Audicija 4 The Voice Hrvatska Sezona 3
Adriana Vidović - “Believer” Nokaut 3 The Voice Hrvatska Sezona 3
A Fistful of Dollars - The Danish National Symphony Orchestra and Tuva
4 Beautiful Soundtracks Relaxing Piano [10min]
2CELLOS - Whole Lotta Love vs. Beethoven 5th Symphony [OFFICIAL VIDEO]
2CELLOS - Smooth Criminal (Live at Suntory Hall, Tokyo)
2CELLOS - Smells Like Teen Spirit [Live at Sydney Opera House]
2CELLOS - Despacito [OFFICIAL VIDEO]
13 Year Old Girl Playing Il Silenzio (The Silence) - André Rieu
094.All About That Bass
00 - SADNESS PART 1
(Ghost) Riders In the Sky (American Outlaws Live at Nassau Coliseum, 1
(Everything I Do) I Do It For You - Bryan Adams (Boyce Avenue ft. Conn
What a wonderful world
Moon river
×