The new board of the Shanghai stock exchange, known as the Star Market, is part of China's bid for tech superpower status. The initiative was unveiled less than a year ago by President Xi Jinping.

Beijing hopes Star will help China's high-tech companies tap into vast wealth held by local investors, and entice global leaders such as Alibaba (BABA) and Tencent (TCEHY) to return from stock markets in New York and Hong Kong.

The 25 stocks listed on Star had gained 140% on average by the time the market closed. Shares in Anji Microelectronics Technology, which makes materials for semiconductors, rocketed as much as 520% before trimming those gains to 400%.

The wall of money pouring into the market created several new billionaires, including the founders of Suzhou HYC Technology and Zhejiang Hangke Technology.

Analysts said the gains were being driven by China's desire for a strong market debut and unrealistic expectations among investors, fueled by state propaganda. They warned of a hangover to come.

"This [surge] is crazy," said Ronald Wan, chief executive of Partners Capital International in Hong Kong. "But it's already overdone. I don't think such gains can last long. It's way too speculative."

Star-listed companies were worth 120 times earnings on average by the end of the first day, according to Chinese market data provider Wind. Stocks on the Nasdaq and Shenzhen's tech market typically are worth 24 times earnings, according to Refinitiv data.

China has been encouraging its companies to become less dependent on foreign money and technology, a campaign that has intensified during the trade war with the United States and since the Trump administration blacklisted Huawei, a leading global smartphone maker and 5G network supplier.

Previous attempts by China to create a rival to Nasdaq in 2009 and 2013 failed because of a lack of quality listings and limited turnover in shares. Shanghai's Star Market might be different.

It's the first time a Chinese president has announced the establishment of a stock exchange, highlighting the extent to which Beijing hopes that the board will help China become the dominant player in the technologies of the future.

The country's top securities regulator says the new Shanghai market will welcome innovative companies in six emerging industries of "strategic significance." They include next-generation information technology, smart manufacturing, aerospace, new materials, renewable energy and biotech.  

The sectors all align with Beijing's Made in China 2025 initiative and the latest five-year plan, which aim to transform the country into a manufacturing superpower that dominates high-tech industries.  

Regulators have introduced some significant changes for Star. In a first for China, the market allows companies that are losing money to list. Piloting a US-style registration IPO system, it has also streamlined the application process and given issuers and investors greater control over the pricing and timing of initial public offerings.  

Of the first batch of 25 companies that began trading Monday, 24 were listing for the first time. In total, the 25 companies raised more than 37 billion yuan ($5.4 billion).