London Daily

Focus on the big picture.
Saturday, Oct 24, 2026

Economy is almost certainly in recession and the picture ahead is murky

Economy is almost certainly in recession and the picture ahead is murky

This is a recession which will be felt in most households' pockets - both through the rise in energy prices and shop prices and the rise in the cost of borrowing.

Let's start with what we do know.

The economy is now almost certainly in recession. It will not be pleasant. This is a recession which will be felt in most households' pockets - both through the rise in energy prices and shop prices and the rise in the cost of borrowing.

And when it comes to the cost of borrowing, things are certainly getting tougher. Today the Bank of England raised its official interest rates by 0.75 percentage points, meaning if you're on a floating rate loan tied to Bank rate the increase will be immediately reflected in your monthly repayments.

In a sense, the Bank is merely doing what most people had expected and what markets had already priced in: in other words, the current fixed rate loans out there on the market already assumed something like this happening.

Remember that point: we'll come back to it.

So we know the economy is in recession. We know prices are very high and times are looking tough - especially if you have a mortgage which needs to be re-fixed soon. But here's where the certainty ends and the murkiness begins.

Normally the Bank of England produces one main forecast in its Monetary Policy Report - the quarterly document in which it gives its sense of the state of the economy. But this time around it did something unusual: it produced two, and gave quite a lot of prominence to both of them.

A money market rollercoaster


Why? Well, it comes back to the fact that money markets have been on a rollercoaster recently. As you'll recall if you've followed the ride, in the wake of the mini-budget, expectations for where the Bank's interest rate was going next year leapt up to over 6%. Since Liz Truss's exit, those expected rates have begun to fall, to the extent that as of this week they were expecting a peak of 4.75%. That's a big change.

And these numbers matter enormously: the higher the rates, the more households who will struggle to make their repayments and the tougher life will get for businesses, many of which will struggle to operate. So even a change of a few fractions of a percentage point will make a big difference.

Eight successive quarters of contraction


That brings us back to the Bank's latest forecasts. It has to base those forecasts for the state of the economy off an assumption of what's happening to those interest rates. So it typically takes a two week "snapshot" of what money markets expect for borrowing rates and then builds a forecast around it.

Normally that's a pretty uncontroversial exercise, but not this time. Because as we all know, those rates were all over the place following the mini-budget and the ensuing gilt market meltdown.

The upshot is that the Bank's central forecast - the one we usually look at - is particularly bad.

It involves eight successive quarters of contraction: that would be the single longest recession since comparable records began in the early 20th century - though it would be much less deep than nearly all of those downturns. It would see the economy shrink by nearly 3% and unemployment get up to 6.5%.

But here's the thing: that forecast is based on market expectations that Bank rate would get up to 5.25% next year. And the Bank is unusually explicit today that it thinks that is very unlikely. So that recession forecast is a little bit of a chimera: it is based on a scenario which will probably not happen.

So here's where that other forecast comes in.

The Bank produced a separate set of figures which ignore all that market mayhem and just imagine rates stay where they are, as of this afternoon, at 3% in perpetuity.

On the basis of that forecast, there is still a recession, but it is barely more than half the depth of its central forecast and doesn't last half as long. Unemployment doesn't peak as high. Household income isn't quite as badly hit. It's tough, but not awful.



More rate rises


So: is that forecast a more reliable picture of the impending months? Well, not necessarily, for two reasons.

First, the Bank said explicitly today that it thinks it will have to raise interest rates again, albeit not as high as markets were expecting a few weeks ago.

What that means is anyone's guess, but the signal is that they might not even have to rise as high as the 4.75% markets are currently pricing in. But that does mean a slightly worse outlook.

Second, the Bank's forecast doesn't make any assumptions about what the government's Autumn Statement is going to do to the economy. And given everyone expects the government to cut spending and/or raise taxes, it's a fair assumption that that could also bear down on economic activity.

It's complicated


So, as you can see: it's complicated. I know that's not especially helpful if you're after a quick summary. But it's a fairer reflection of where we are.

The UK is in recession, but it's worth being a little wary of the more lurid headlines out there about how it's the "longest in history". The Bank is saying that's a possibility if rates went higher (and it doesn't currently think they will).

But there is another interesting thing going on here, which comes back to that point I made at the start - that when the Bank moves its rates it is, in a sense, reflecting what people out there in the market are expecting it to do. Those expectations matter - and the Bank can often influence them itself.

Today's Monetary Policy Report contains some pretty heavy hints that the market has overshot its expectations about where Bank rate will go in the future. In other words, the report itself could plausibly persuade investors to notch down their expectations for where interest rates are heading next year.

If that happened, we would be left with an interesting paradox: that even as it raises interest rates even more than it has ever done since it became independent in 1997, the Bank could actually push down what markets expect that eventual peak to be.

In other words, this interest rate increase could be reducing the real-life cost of borrowing in the mortgage markets. Fixed rate loans could get cheaper as a result of today's events, not more expensive.

Perhaps that sounds topsy-turvy, but then it's no more weird than many of the other turns of this rollercoaster in recent weeks.

Newsletter

Related Articles

0:00
0:00
Close
Northern Ireland Executive Ministers Reach Consensus on Shared Economic Development Priorities to Stimulate Regional Growth in Belfast
Department for Business and Trade Finalizes Conditional Support Package for Advanced Semiconductor Fabrication Facilities in Newport
Welsh Government Unveils Regional Industrial Development Strategy to Attract Green Energy Investment to South Wales Manufacturing Hubs
Foreign Secretary David Lammy Concludes Diplomatic Mission to European Capital Cities to Strengthen Post-Brexit Defense Cooperation
Department for Environment, Food and Rural Affairs Implements Stricter Regulatory Compliance Standards for Water Utilities Across England
Office for National Statistics Reports Moderate Wage Growth Stabilization and Resilient Employment Figures Across the United Kingdom
Scottish Government and Trade Union Representatives Reach Tentative Pay Agreement for Public Sector Transport Workers in Edinburgh
National Health Service England Announces Emergency Capital Funding Allocation to Reduce Winter Emergency Department Bottlenecks
Bank of England Monetary Policy Committee Signals Cautious Approach to Interest Rate Reductions Amid Persistent Inflation Pressures
British Prime Minister Keir Starmer and Treasury Officials Finalize Urgent Fiscal Adjustments Ahead of Upcoming National Budget
Tour de France Organizers Confirm Historic Grand Depart Featuring Edinburgh and Yorkshire Stages
National Cyber Security Centre Issues Urgent Alerts Following Global Security Vulnerability in Core Programming Software
Independent Energy Analysts Warn Great Britain Faces Highest Winter Power Tariffs in Europe
Major British Defense Contractors Commit to Delivering Forty Thousand New Apprenticeships and Training Placements
New Bradford Railway Station Infrastructure Project Approved to Transform Regional Transit Connectivity Across Northern England
Welsh Infrastructure Stakeholders Press Government for Accelerated Local Sourcing in Military and Uniform Manufacturing
Scottish Council Governance Crisis Triggers High-Court Legal Challenge Over Leadership Ouster Bid
High Street Bakery Chain Greggs Announces Major Factory Closures and Seven Hundred Job Cuts
Automotive Manufacturer Jaguar Land Rover Advances Advanced Defense Technology Partnership with European Allies
Treasury and Bank of England Officials Signal Persistent Concern Over Inflation-Driven Interest Rate Path
International Monetary Fund Upgrades United Kingdom Growth Forecast While Issuing Inflation Warnings
National Health Service Leaders Warn of Severe Capacity Pressures as Early Winter Respiratory Infections Surge
Government Issues Emergency Resilience Guidance Advising All British Citizens to Stockpile Essential Supplies
United Kingdom Private Sector Growth Beats Expectations in October Driven by Resilient Services and Manufacturing
Barclays to Cut Five Thousand Jobs in Major Artificial Intelligence Adoption and Cost-Cutting Overhaul
Piper Tomahawk Aircraft Crash Near Drymen in Stirling Claims Two Lives as Investigators Deploy
North Sea Transition Authority Approves Jackdaw Gas Field Production After Ministerial Authorization
Government Injects One Hundred and Forty Million Pounds to Expand Urgent Care Ahead of Winter Crisis
Department of Health Warns Further Pay Rises Will Derail National Health Service Waiting List Targets
Major Environmental Emergency Declared in South Wales Following Aerospace Kerosene Spill
Tank Barrel Production Returns to Britain as Defence Contractors Accelerate Domestic Rearmament
Government Approves Controversial Jackdaw Gasfield Development in the North Sea
National Health Service Maternity Safety Review Condemned Over Flawed Artificial Intelligence Integration
Dozens of United Kingdom Government Services Taken Offline Amid Critical Software Vulnerability
Barclays Announces Five Thousand Job Cuts Citing Artificial Intelligence Productivity Gains
Treasury Relaxes Post-Financial Crisis Accountability Rules for City of London Executives
United Kingdom Government Issues Unprecedented Guidance Urging Citizens to Stockpile Essential Supplies
United Kingdom Consumer Inflation Accelerates to Eleven-Month High Driven by Transport Costs
United Kingdom Public Sector Net Debt Breaches Three Trillion Pounds Ahead of Autumn Budget
Department for Science, Innovation and Technology Commits Fifty Million Pounds to Establish Regional Artificial Intelligence Innovation Clusters
Ofgem Directs Major Energy Suppliers to Expand Vulnerable Household Support Funds Ahead of Winter Heating Season
Home Office and National Police Chiefs Council Unveil New Intelligence-Led Strategy to Tackle Organised Immigration Crime Networks
First Minister John Swinney Secures Scottish Parliament Approval for Comprehensive Climate and Green Energy Infrastructure Strategy
National Health Service England and Trades Union Congress Finalize Agreement on Emergency Winter Staffing and Pay Frameworks
HM Treasury and Department for Business and Trade Announce Multi-Billion-Pound Sovereign Investment Pact to Spur Regional Advanced Manufacturing
Bank of England Governor Andrew Bailey Signals Potential for Faster Interest Rate Cuts as Domestic Inflation Pressures Ease Below Forecasts
Parliamentary Inquiry Highlights Urgent Need to Address Housing Shortage as Scottish Completions Hit Eleven-Year Low
United Kingdom and Singapore Sign Comprehensive Financial Agreement to Deepen Digital and Sustainable Market Ties
Greggs Announces Plan to Close Four Manufacturing Facilities and Cut Seven Hundred and Forty Jobs
International Monetary Fund Raises United Kingdom Economic Growth Forecast While Warning of Inflationary Pressures
×