Vice-chancellors from 24 leading universities were briefed on the threat, with concerns that cutting-edge research could be used to boost the militaries and economies of these states.

The deputy prime minister has announced a consultation on protective measures for UK universities.

Last year, Parliament's intelligence and security committee mentioned China as a potential concern for gaining undue influence in British academic research.

Leaders from universities such as Oxford, Cambridge, and Imperial College London were warned that research in sensitive areas could be targeted by countries looking to steal intellectual property for economic and military gain.

The warning came after a government review on national security threats facing higher education.

Representatives from the National Cyber Security Centre and MI5 attended the meeting.

The government plans to consult on protective measures, with a focus on research that has potential applications in both civilian and military life.

Possible measures include increasing funding transparency, granting security clearance to key personnel, and providing universities with funding to develop research security capabilities.

Deputy Prime Minister Oliver Dowden announced new measures to safeguard the integrity and security of British institutions, citing evolving threats.

Former head of the National Cyber Security Centre, Ciaran Martin, revealed concerns about university staff being targeted for influence and intellectual property being stolen through cyber attacks and abused partnerships.