A recent debate surrounding the English identity of Rishi Sunak, the British Prime Minister of Indian descent, has highlighted longstanding tensions between ethnicity and nationality in the United Kingdom.

The discourse arose from a podcast conversation between former _Spectator_ editor Fraser Nelson and podcaster Konstantin Kisin.

Nelson firmly asserted that Sunak is 'absolutely English,' given he was 'born and bred' in England.

However, Kisin's response, labeling Sunak as a 'brown Hindu,' questioned the essence of what it means to be English, provoking an online backlash and rekindling historical attitudes toward ethnicity and national identity.

This dialogue reflects a significant transformation in British society over the last fifty years, where public figures of diverse racial backgrounds—such as footballer Ian Wright and actor Idris Elba—are increasingly recognized as quintessentially English.

Yet, underlying tensions persist, particularly among certain segments of the political right, which have been accused of reverting to outdated racial constructs when discussing English identity.

Kisin has maintained that his argument underscores a distinction between British nationality and English ethnic identity.

This distinction echoes a broader discourse in nationalistic sentiments where certain ethnic identities are perceived as prerequisites for national belonging.

In contrast, many sociological perspectives recognize ethnicity as a complex and evolving concept, devoid of immutable characteristics that exclude individuals based on their racial background.

Historically, the concept of ethnicity has undergone significant redefinition.

In the early 20th century, figures like Julian Huxley contributed to the evolving understanding of race and ethnicity during a time when racial ideology was being used to justify discrimination.

Whereas initial perspectives conflated race with biology, contemporary discussions advocate for the recognition of ethnicity as a socio-cultural construct influenced by shared language, culture, and history.

The notion of ethnicity gained prominence after World War II, partly as a reaction to the catastrophic consequences of racial ideologies propagated by the Nazis.

The first statements on race produced by international bodies suggested reframing discussions from 'race' to 'ethnic groups' in order to emphasize cultural identity over biological determinism.

Cultural identity has since become a focal point for both liberal multiculturalism and far-right ethnopluralism, with arguments posited that cultural differences can dictate the boundaries of national belonging.

Figures like Alain de Benoist, a prominent thought leader in the Nouvelle Droite movement in France, have argued that preserving cultural authenticity is essential for the cohesion of nations, suggesting that immigrants inherently carry distinct cultures that prevent their full integration.

As discussions of national identity continue to evolve, historical precedents reveal a consistent pattern of conflating nationality with ethnicity and race.

The introduction of Britain's first immigration laws in 1905 aimed to restrict Jewish immigration under the premise that an influx would dilute British identity.

Today, Jewish individuals are widely recognized as an integral part of British society, prompting questions about why the same recognition is not universally extended to individuals like Sunak.

The clash over English identity is emblematic of a broader global discourse on race, ethnicity, and belonging, prompting ongoing reflection on the implications of labeling and the inclusive nature of national identity.